Friday, January 31, 2020
Tax Policies Essay Example for Free
Tax Policies Essay Taxes are financial charges or levies impose by a government on companies or individuals as a source of government revenue. Government needs revenues to cover their expenditure, which include enforcement of law and order, security, public works and infrastructures. The government also finances education and health care systems. Taxes are levied to transfer wealth from the richer people in society to the poor. They are also effective in addressing externalities. Generally taxes are used for distribution and allocation purposes. Taxes are beneficial for the economy. (Phillipe H and Norberg K, 1994)            Taxes designed to discourage harmful activities to the environment benefits the community as a whole. For instance taxes on harmful gas emissions act as incentives to reduce pollution, which can be disastrous to the health of individuals. Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are responsible for global warming which has adverse effects to the whole world.            Tax policies can have short term or long-term effects to the economy. Taxes can reduce people’s incentives to work, save or invest. Taxes could be consumption taxes, income taxes and taxes on international borrowing. Other types of taxes include corporation taxes, estate and social security taxes. (Gupta A, 2002).            The wealthy people in society are subject to inheritance taxes and estate or gift taxes. Personal income taxes apply to taxes imposed on individuals or families while corporate taxes apply to corporate earnings. Proportional taxes ensure equitable distribution of resources in the economy. Taxes benefit the community through the services the government is able to provide from revenues earned through taxes. (Gupta A, 2002). The community attains health and education.            Increasing tax rates acts as a disincentive for laborers. On the other hand, if tax rates are lower, people will be motivated to work and their productivity levels will be higher. Taxes can encourage or discourage production of certain goods. (Gupta A, 2002). To encourage the production or consumption the government imposes higher taxes on the goods in question. On the contrary taxes are deducted to promote the production and consumption of preferred goods. Therefore taxes affect the production of goods and services and therefore influence people’s consumption patterns.  An increased income tax reduces people’s disposable incomes making them ‘poorer’ as their purchasing power is reduced. Taxes on producers of goods and services translate to higher prices for them as the said producers transfer the costs to their consumers. People tend to avoid goods that are costly. (Phillipe H and Norberg K, 1994) Again, they can substitute the expensive or costly goods thus promoting the reduced disposable substitutes. This is referred to as the substitution effect of taxes. With reduced disposable incomes individuals are forced to operate on constrained budgets and their consumption trends will be affected. This is the income effect of taxes. (Gupta A, 2002).            Taxes regulate or restrict certain types of business practices, products or services. Income, sales and property taxes are revenue taxes while excise and import duties are regulatory taxes. Taxation is a very important source of government revenue. Other sources of government revenue include borrowing and charging for services. Payroll taxes benefits the community as they are used to finance social insurance programs like social security. The elderly unemployed and the disabled benefit from these taxes. Consumption taxes are levied on sales of goods and services. Taxes imposed on cigarettes and alcoholic beverages are excise taxes.            Taxes affect people’s saving power or ability. When taxes are levied on interests or dividends they reduce the benefits that would have been felt if saving was done. Taxes can therefore influence a people’s saving ability. Taxes can influence the physical investment for businesses when tax rates put in place are higher in certain places than in others. Businesses will locate their premises where tax rates are lower so as to increase their profitability levels. Taxes are added costs for the business. Reduction of people’s purchasing power reduces their ability to obtain necessities, comforts and luxuries. (Gupta A, 2002). If the tax burden falls on the poor they are likely to feel a strong impact. Their standards of living will be lowered and thus their efficiency and ability to work will be reduced.            The rich in society may not feel the impact as taxation. Taxation for them mostly affects luxurious goods, which don’t influence their efficiency or ability to work. Tax policies affect people’s ability to save. Incomes determine the amount of savings. Reducing people’s incomes automatically reduces their saving power. The richer people have higher marginal propensity to save, as their incomes are higher than their expenditures. Taxes on the poor greatly reduce their ability to save. Ability to save affects investment and capital formation in the economy. Effects of income on distribution affect income generation as well as income distribution. The tax rates and the type of tax influence the effects to be felt. Governments must incorporate effective taxation policies that promote equity and growth in the economy. References: Alka Gupta. 2002. Public Finance and Tax Planning. Anmol Publications PVT. Hoffman Phillipe and Kathryn Norberg. 1994. Fiscal Crises, Liberty, and Representative Government, 1450-1789, p. 238.
Wednesday, January 22, 2020
We Must Stop Cloning Now! Essay -- Cloning Genetic Engineering Essays
We Must Stop Cloning Now! Did you know it took 277 tries to finally create the first mammal clone, Dolly? The process of cloning is not even close to being perfected to be used on animals or humans. It would also cause many different problems in the world if we did start cloning. We should stop this practice because it has to many flaws, it destroys individuality and uniqueness, will cause over population, and is against many religious and moral beliefs. Cloning started off with farmers cloning plants thousands of years ago in very simple ways, like cutting a plant and letting the roots combine to make another plant. Early farmers devised many different breeding techniques to reproduce plants with great traits like faster growth, lager seeds, and sweeter fruits. This is what led to the first clone of an animal. The process of animal cloning involves taking an unfertilized egg, or oocyte, and swapping the nucleus the oocyte with a different quiescient nucleus from another animal. The process of swapping is called Nucleus Transfer. Once the new nucl...
Tuesday, January 14, 2020
Communication Clashes and Aircraft Crashes Essay
One of the most dangerous conflicts and errors man could ever have is flying a large aircraft with airy heads and angry mouths. This happened in one of the flights of the Korean Airlines particularly the Korean Airlines flight 2033, an Airbus A300 which happened four years ago. Piloted by Captain Barry Woods, a Canadian national and co-piloted by a Korean national Chung Chan Kuy. The clashed between the two started when the Airbus was approaching a rain slicked airport when Co-pilot Chung asked Captain Woods to â€Å"go around†because he is hesitant to land the craft due to insufficient distance of Runway 6 of Cheju Airport in South Korea. The captain did not mind his Co-pilot’s concern regarding the runway and told his Co-pilot to get off while flying the through a tropical storm with up to 30 mph gusting winds. On the runway, Co pilot Chung pulled the plane off when the plane has touched the ground that made the Pilot Woods furious about what Chung has done and instructed the cockpit crew to open the cockpit window and get their evacuation slides. Being in the matter of life and death situation made these two pilots unmindful of whatever positions they have. They even forgot to follow the standard operating procedures, protocols or guidelines that the cockpit crew should follow during emergency situations. In this incident, the Co-pilot insubordinates his superior by not following the captain’s call or decision making them clash putting their passengers’ life at risk. The Co-pilot’s action in this situation drifted the pilot’s decision in landing the craft safely and made it more dangerous for the lives of their passengers because of unethical insubordination the Co-pilot has caused. Chung might have thought that landing the craft in a slippery and short runway would led to accidental landing so he decided to pull off the plane without his captain’s orders causing them to argue on this matter. Imagining the situation while on board a beleaguered airbus, the cockpit crew might have been hesitant to land the aircraft due to the raging storm and miscalculated the runway making the two pilots disagree whether to land or abort the landing. Being board on a troubled plane triggered uncontrollable conflicts or disagreements because of the tensed and uneasy situation. In whatever situation man would be, crew or staff, especially those on board the plane or ship maybe, the staff should have the instinct to be calm in whatever situation they might be and practice the standard operating procedures or protocols that they had undergone during trainings and execute the emergency procedures effectively and efficiently to avoid further accidents and they should always follow instructions given by their superiors no matter what happen because they were trained to do so. References Fatal Words – Communication Clashes and Aircraft Crashes, (1994), Steven Cushing, University of Chicago Press http://www. airdisaster. com/cvr/kal2033. shtml http://www. airfleets. net/vcrash/crash_report_Korean%20Air_HL7296. htm http://www. planecrashinfo. cpm/1994/1994-50. htm
Monday, January 6, 2020
Henry Fayol The Father Of Modern Management Theory
Henry Fayol: The Father of Modern Management Theory Isaac Newton is said to have written â€Å"If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.†Just as the field of physics has ‘giants’ such as Newton himself and Albert Einstein, the by comparison the field of management theory has ‘giants’ such as, Jules Henri Fayol. Fayol the theorist of modern management, Fayolism. Henri Fayol is an important figure in American History because respectively, his theories have been applied, tested, and improved upon over the past century by countless academics, managers, and organizations. The Life of Fayol Fayol’s theories of management evolved from his own achievements and experience. Fayol born, 1841 Istanbul, Turkey, his mother Eugenie and his father Andre, an engineer, serving in the French military. The family lived in Turkey until the father’s military service was complete (Wren, 2009). Fayol was well educated, he attended the polytechnic school elementary school, Lycee Imperial high school and attended the National School of Mines, Saint Etienne (Wren, 2009). He graduated from mining school top of his class in 1860, and started working at Commentry-Fourchambault, a steel mill and coal field company (Wren, 2009). Fayol spent his entire career 1860- 1866 working for Commentry-Fourchambault, he became a manager at age 25, and CEO at age of 31 (Wren, 2009). During Fayol’s tenure he brought the Commentry-Fourchambault company, from almost bankruptcy to on the mostShow MoreRelatedClassical And Modernist Approach Of Business Organization Essay156 7 Words  | 7 Pagesbusiness organization. Both these theories are very important for an organization to run smoothly. It actually give the managers the base to make the managerial decisions. 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